Source material for the Corpus of Historical Mapudungun (CHM)

Transcribed Prologue, editing and notes by Dr. Rudolf Lenz Full title: “Vida y costumbres de los indígenas araucanos de la segunda mitad del Siglo XIX” Background The text is the autobiography of Chief (Lonco) Pascual Coña, as related to the Capuchin priest Ernst Wilhelm Moesbach. By the time these memories were compiled (mid-1920s), Coña was an older man, in his 70s or 80s, so much of the content relates to the second half of the 19th century. Mösbach gathered the material over the course of four years and many visits to the Chief’s home, near Lake Budi, in the Lafkenche (Coastal) Mapuche territories. Due to its extension and early first-person account of Mapuche life and customs, it is an invaluable part of the people and the language’s heritage.

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Transcribed This is a traditional Mapuche story gathered by the capuchin priest Sigifredo de Frauenhäusel in the Panguipulli area of Chile and published by his collaborator, Félix de Augusta. The informant is Domingo Segundo Huenuñamco of the same parish, who claims that the story is originally from Argentina. The tale follows the fortunes of Pishmahuile, an extrordinary player of chueca or palin, the most popular Mapuche sport (similar to field hockey). The main characters are portrayed both as humans and different varieties of birds.

Subtitle: Jimnasia Nacional (Juegos, Ejercicios y Bailes) Transcribed Manuel Manquilef (1882–1950) was a Mapuche teacher, author and intellectual from the turn of the 20th century. Born in the province of Cautín, he attended the main highschool in Temuco, where he met Tomás de Guevara, who he collaborated with on his principal ethnographic works on the Mapuche. Indeed, it is possible that Guevara took much of Manquilef’s work and published it under his own name.

Preliminary transcription by Benjamin Molineaux. PDF Text (Image Scans) TXT Text (Mapudungun)

Transcribed This is a collection of family histories compiled by Tomás Guevara: “Las últimas familias i costumbres araucanas”, written in collaboration with a number of mapuche consultants, most important of which was probably Manuel Manquilef, who also published ethnographic work independently. Tagged Text (Web) PDF Text (Image Scans)

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Subtitle: (La Faz Social) Transcribed Manuel Manquilef (1882–1950) was a Mapuche teacher, author and intellectual from the turn of the 20th century. Born in the province of Cautín, he attended the main highschool in Temuco, where he met Tomás de Guevara, who he collaborated with on his principal ethnographic works on the Mapuche. Indeed, it is possible that Guevara took much of Manquilef’s work and published it under his own name.

Transcribed At the time of publication (1911), Tomás de Guevara was head teacher at Temuco’s main secondary school (Liceo de Temuco). He had long had an interest in Mapuche folklore and ethnography, as many of his students came from the fairly new reservations (reducciones) established in the late 19th century. As with his later texts, much of the compilation and translation of material was actually the work of his collaborator, Manuel Manquilef, a native speaker of Mapudungun and one of the first Mapuche teachers at the school. For some of the stories and proverbs in this volume, he also relied on two further Mapudungun speakers: Lorenzo Coliman and Felipe Reyes.

Transcribed This is one of the most substantial, careful collections of fairly naturalistic Mapudungun from the turn of the century. It was compiled by Fr. Félix de Augusta and Fr. Sigifredo de Fraunhaeusl, both Bavarian Capuchin priests. For the most part, the texts are on Mapuche-specific topics and have named informants, who were well known by the missionaries. The texts collected by Augusta are mostly from the Lafkenche region near Lake Budi, while the texts collected by Fraunhaeusl are from the Panguipulli area, both broadly within the Central Mapudungun dialect continuum.

Partially Transcribed The last and most complete of the missionary grammars of Mapudungun is that of the Bavarian Felix José de Augusta. Born in the city of Augsburg in 1860 as August Stephan Kathan, he studied medicine in Würzburg and then in Munich, where he obtained his doctorate. In 1887 he was accepted into the Capuchin order in Laufen, taking the name of Felix Joseph which was followed up by the name of his place of origin: von Augsburg. In 1890 he was ordained, and by late 1895 had joined the first mission of Bavarian Franciscans to the region of Araucanía.

Transcribed This translation was produced by Fr. Félix de Augusta for Mapuche children in the Catholic Schools which were run by the Capuchin order in Chile. It is a version of “Compendio de la Historia Sagrada” (a compendium of sacred history) by Dr. D. Federich Knecht, Archbishop of Freiburg. The translation is a version of the Spanish text edited by D. Vicente Ortí y Escolano. Spelling, according to Augusta’s introduction, follows Rudolf Lenz’s principles for the language.

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Partially Transcribed A collection of late-19th-century texts compiled by the German-born linguist Dr. Rudlof Lenz in different regions of Chile. These constitute some of the first real samples of authentic Mapuche speech, as earlier texts were mostly religious prose translated into Mapudungun by Jesuit missionaries. Lenz’s “Estudios” are also important as they survey a number of different dialects and provide early, fairly-detailed phonetic transcriptions, using state-of-the-art notation techniques for the period.

Transcribed This is a brief grammar and Spanish-Mapudungun vocabulary focusing on the dialect of the pampas, east of the Andes (Puelmapu), written by Liutenant Colonel Carlos Federico Barbará, of the Argentinian army. The grammatical content follows Febrés (1765) quite closely. A version of the Vocabulary can be found at the following website: https://pueblosoriginarios.com/lenguas/pampa.php UN-Tagged Text (Web) PDF Text (Image Scans)

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Partially Transcribed Fr. Bernhard Havestadt (1714-1778), a German Jesuit, was the author of one of the two 18th century grammars of Mapudungun. A native of Köln, he left the Westphalia monastery of Horst-Maria for the ‘Indies’ in 1746, taking up his post in the region of La Frontera in March of 1748. Here he remained for twenty-two years, leaving a lively record of his evangelisation work and travels. His grammar,though apparently available in a Spanish-language manuscript in the mid-1750’s, was published — in Latin — only in 1777 as Chilidúģu: Sive Tractatus Linguæ Chilensis. This work — part grammar and vocabulary, and part compilation of texts, and travel-log — spans three volumes and nearly one thousand pages.

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Transcribed This was the most widely used early work on Mapudungun. So much so that the HMS Beagle, in its famous travels with Captiain Fitz Roy and young Charles Darwin, carried a copy of it in 1831-6. Its author was the Catalan Jesuit Andrés Febrés (1732-1790), who arrived to the Mapuche-speaking territories in 1759 at the age of 27. He appears to have learnt the language and written his grammar less than five years after his arrival in Chile. There is good reason to believe, however, that Febrés came into contact with Havestadt’s Chilidúģu – in Spanish manuscript form – well before reaching the country (see Lenz 1897: XLI-LI, and Havestadt 1777: 189), alongside a copy of Valdivia’s grammar. This would have given him a head start in the learning process. Febrés’ grammar was, nevertheless, published before that of his German brother of the cloth, and is much more condensed. It was therefore used on a wider scale in the training of new missionaries. Another point in which Febrés’s grammar outdoes that of Havestadt is in its care in transcribing the sounds of the language, as is shown by abundant comment on pronunciation matters and exemplification.

Transcribed This is a vocabulary of some 515 words and phrases compiled by Dutch explorers and military men on a reconnaissance mission to Chile from their territories in Brazil. The expedition set out in January 1643 with Hendrik Brouwer as its admiral. The vice-admiral was one Elias Herckmans, Governor of Parahyba, who, upon Brouwer’s death in August 1643, took over the entire expedition. As the most senior officer on the expedition and chief negotiator with the local population, the vocabulary is attributed to him. The details of the process of elicitation, however, are unclear.

Transcribed This set of early seventeenth-century sermons was composed by Fr. Luis de Valdiva (1560–1621) , one of the first Spanish Jesuits assigned to Chile. Valdivia played a cruical role in the development of Spanish Crown’s ‘defensive war’ policy towards the Mapuche, which suspended direct attacks on native groups and emphasised acculturation. The sermons are intended as a programatic introduction to Christian faith, with the express intent of converting the Mapuche and having them renounce their traditional beliefs and religious practices. This was a key part of Valdivia’s strategy for pacifying the region through conversion rather than — thus far unsuccessful — belicose confrontation.

Partially Transcribed This is the oldest textual source explicitly focusing on Mapudungun. Its author is Father Luis de Valdivia, a Spanish priest who was one of the original members of the Chilean Mission of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), founded in 1593. Throughout his stay in the country, Valdivia was actively involved not only in the education of the colonists and evangelisation of the Mapuche, but also in early attempts to prevent military confrontations between the two groups. He travelled widely in the territories, learning and preaching in the language (see de Olivares 2005; Toribio Medina 1894).